Introduction

The System of Systems Security Integration Initiate hereafter referred to as SOSSEC is an ARDEC program; which is dedicated to improving, by an order of magnitude, the nation’s ability to detect, intervene in, respond to and recover from any and all attacks on the Homeland. The SOSSEC approach is to facilitate a transformation of how we defend the Homeland: by addressing issues of national interest that have not been effectively solved by the Homeland Defense community. By applying ARDEC’s unique expertise and core competencies to this problem it is able to provide:

• Coordinated Force Protection(FP)/Homeland Defense (HD)/Homeland Security (HS) operations and effective resource sharing demand integration and interoperable, system of systems solutions that support agile, “sense and respond” security and defense capabilities cutting across organizational boundaries and spanning broad geographic areas. System-of-systems integration enables timely access to shared, sensitive information across all levels, maximizing capabilities to: recognize, protect against, prevent, respond to, and mitigate the effects of terrorist attacks; as well as to manage and coordinate remediation and recovery efforts. SOSSEC provides this essential element of integration: weaving together individual FP/HD/HS projects and solutions into a cooperative, inter-networked System of Systems.

• SOSSEC conducts research programs in certain critical areas that the community does not adequately address. The SOSSEC research program focuses on human factors, and the investigation of tactics, techniques and procedures that adapt technology to the needs of the military and responders in the field; in order to: reduce workloads, enable faster responses, enable more focused responses, simplify processes, and reduce maintenance costs. SOSSEC also provides a product “verification” / evaluation service that helps our military and first responders to select products that will meet their needs, and which helps vendors of products to improve the products they offer.

• SOSSEC investigates and identifies approaches to the systematic improvement of the processes used to field systems and capabilities. SOSSEC works with the acquisition community to improve the acquisition processes for Force Protection, Homeland Defense, and Homeland Security. It conducts studies and produces recommendations which are structured to address impediments in the acquisition policies and procedures that restrict rapid deployment of advanced solutions to Force Protection, Homeland Defense, and Homeland Security problems.

• SOSSEC provides an evaluation facility as well as experienced personnel to “evaluate technologies” and establish and develop tactics, techniques and procedures for new and improved FP/HD/HS technologies. The evaluation facility also allows local, state and federal agencies involved in homeland defense to conduct “hands-on” interagency exercises with the latest technologies.

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Background

In the past few years, a number of programs have started addressing Force protection/Homeland Defense/Homeland Security issues. Most have been Congressional mandates and started with a single focus in restricted regions of the country. The SOSSEC Program has identified many of these programs and enlisted the sponsors to become part of the SOSSEC comprehensive strategy.

The SOSSEC program strategy draws upon the unique technological, programmatic, and organization capabilities of the Department of Defense and its partners in Industry and Academia, working in close collaboration with military, national guard and civilian organizations at all levels to meet critical Force Protection/Homeland Defense challenges. The SOSSEC program strategy is centered around six (6) major elements:

• A flexible, inherently evolutionary Enterprise Architecture, based on the Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF) and exploiting commercial standards and practices. This permits “loose” integration of individual capabilities, employing potentially diverse systems and technologies, while preserving essential information sharing and collaboration among diverse communities and across a full operational spectrum. The architecture mirrors and complements the Global Information Grid, and effectively integrates people, processes, information, and technology for maximum effect.
• A program plan that achieves early critical mass of integrated capabilities. Spiral development of regional capabilities, punctuated by a series of demonstrations at key milestones, will establish momentum, facilitate and encourage continual expansion of the integration process, and provide a natural path for migration of pilot programs to full implementation.
• An operational model that facilitates cooperation among “federated”, yet independent, developers and stakeholders responsible for the individual participating programs. These transformational partnerships will act as a catalyst to accelerate programs addressing Force Protection/Homeland Defense/Homeland Security.
• A promotion and outreach campaign to ensure effective application of resources and the incorporation of additional SOSSEC program participants to ensure execution of FP/HD/HS goals and objectives.
• Addressing issues of human performance that are not addressed by the industry or the responder community.
• Independent product evaluation against rigorous user generated SOSSEC PROGRAM facilitated requirements.
• Linking individual projects together within an effective integration framework expands the capacity to mitigate and quickly address terrorist attacks or other disasters having regional or inter-regional impact. Collaboration and cooperation is enabled horizontally, between geographically dispersed peer organizations and vertically, between local, state, regional, and federal/military organizations. Both horizontal and vertical dimensions are critical requirements needed to prepare for and respond to large-scale events. These essential capabilities are addressed in addition to the original individual project goals. The results are greater, more enduring impacts on security and preparedness, higher return on investment, and a clear path for establishment of fully-funded follow-on implementation and operations programs at local, state and federal levels.

Successful execution of the SOSSEC PROGRAM initiative delivers significant benefits to multiple stakeholders:

• Military services gain enhanced warfighting and force protection capabilities through readily replicated security solutions.
• HD/HS practitioners (e.g., emergency managers, first responders, planners, and follow-on support organizations) gain new levels of operational capabilities to anticipate, protect against, and respond to emergencies resulting from terrorist actions or natural or man-made disasters.
• Dual Use: Military and civilian users receive an economic benefit by using state-of-the-art technology at significantly reduced costs.
• Enhanced training and preparedness: The ongoing integration process, including conducting demonstrations and training readiness exercises, accelerates identification and adoption of best practices and best of breed technologies.
• Industry and Academia benefit from broader exposure and operational application of their products, technologies, and concepts, deeper understanding of operational requirements, and an expanded network of partnerships and alliances to support business and research interests.
• Government agencies and political leadership gain benefit from a greater return on investments made in participating programs. As critical mass is achieved, and the integrated regional SOSSEC PROGRAM expands, the transition of pilot/demonstration projects to major, programmed implementation is greatly facilitated.

Spiral development and demonstration provides the forum an opportunity to evaluate what works and assist in defining and establishing a firm set of requirements for system and product development.
Most importantly, the constituents of the served communities benefit from markedly higher security from hostile actions and/or man-made or natural disasters.
Establishes a firm “bottoms up” requirement set engaging Military/National Guard/First Responders.

ARDEC and Homeland Defense

The US Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC), headquartered at Picatinny, New Jersey, is the Department of the Army’s (DA) "Center of Lethality," a designation that reflects its importance as a developer, manager, and provider of more than 90 percent of the Army's conventional lethality and a substantial portion of other services’ lethality, thus having a considerable impact on joint war fighting, training and readiness. ARDEC’s work is part of the Department of Defense (DOD) acquisition framework, and its’ life cycle services are delivered to customers through a team-based approach. Team membership is diverse, consisting of customer representatives, ARDEC employees, military program managers, defense industry partners, and academia. It is within this complex framework that ARDEC supports our customers with armaments research, development and engineering. During the development and refinement of this unique military mission, ARDEC has developed world class competencies that can and have been made available to the Homeland Defense and Homeland Security communities. These competencies include systems engineering; systems integration, a by-product of the engineering and integration accomplished on the Army’s most complex and capable weapon systems; non-lethal systems development; explosives; propellants; pyrotechnics; fire control and command and control; logistics and training. Each of these technologies is being used to enhance the products and services ARDEC is developing and applying to non traditional customers and markets related to support of the protection of our Homeland.

ARDEC explores and exploits innovative dual use technologies and was appointed by the Governor of NJ as a Homeland Defense Technology and Security Readiness Center. The Homeland Defense Technologies Center (HDTC) as the executor of the SOSSEC program and operating through a system of systems integration initiative approach, is coupled to ARDEC’s Strategic Plan for the exploitation of future technological capabilities to secure and defend the Homeland and meets many key objectives of OSD’s the Strategy for Force protection, Homeland Defense and Civil Support.

The mission of the Center is

“identify, develop, evaluate, certify, validate, and integrate comprehensive World-Class? Homeland Defense/ Security technologies and execute world class research to protect against and respond to threats and hazards to the nation.”
The Center is located within the US Army ARDEC where the numerous centers of excellence provide robust venues for the development and identification of military technologies that are directly applicable to meeting Force Protection (FP), Homeland Defense (HD) and Homeland Security (HS) challenges. Our center and the resident technical experts are exploring technologies that will enhance our force protection posture.


Some major current ARDEC thrusts include:

• to collect, analyze, develop, test, and maintain Homeland Defense (HLD) technologies in a system of system context and to become the US integrator of military/ Homeland Security (HLS) efforts for both customers.
• to develop and execute this integration in a the Systems of Systems Integration (SOSSEC) program and partner with other government agencies, industry and academia, which enables the timely access to shared sensitive information across all levels on a regional, and ultimately national, scale that maximizes the combined capabilities to recognize, protect against, prevent, respond to, and mitigate the effects of terrorist attacks and to manage and coordinate remediation and recovery efforts capitalizing on “spin in” technologies and lessons learned. knowledge.
• to establish unique HD capable yet DOD relevant testbeds [Emergency Operation Center (EOC), Target Behavioral Response Laboratory (TBRL), Evaluation and Technology Testbed (3500 Area) area, and technologies G2 (Rangesafe Technologies), Secure Wireless Connectivity, Biometrics, etc to demonstrate HLD and layered defense dual use technologies in real time joint military and civilian exercises.

The ARDEC Program is an extension of existing facets of Picatinny’s people, programs and infrastructure and is poised to integrate novel competencies and technological advancements of ARDEC. To accomplish the mission and purposes outlined above, the ARDEC has dedicated itself to execution within a system of systems approach. Since each aspect of our program benefits from the results and experiences provided by this diverse portfolio of programs and capabilities, we believe the synergistic effects obtained from a systematic approach to development and execution is the most advantageous to the benefits to FP/HD/HS derived from this program.

Our core research program also focuses on research areas not being addressed by industry or the HD/HS community as a whole. Many of these areas are not profitable enough for industry to invest but essential to the complete solution of the HD/HS problem set. In the sections that follow we will develop a comprehensive strategy for addressing the full spectrum of related threats from natural disasters to threats against our homeland from all sources. The context will remain constant, that is, each aspect of the ARDEC program will take into account the combined relationships of each element of the program integrated into a comprehensive system solution.

ARDEC Program Summary

The ARDEC Force Protection/Homeland Defense System of Systems Program is managed and executed by a multi-organizational Integrated Product Team (IPT) comprises of comprised of personnel from ARDEC’s three major organizations, Enterprise Management, ASIC and AETC. A diagram of the program follows:

RESEARCH

Less than Lethal/TBRL- Scaleable target effects systems, made possible by emerging advanced energy technologies, represent an appealing new category of weapons for a variety of military and homeland defense situations. Although promising, very little data exists on the actual effects and effectiveness of such systems, especially with personnel targets. ARDEC has recognized the need for a capability to generate such data and created the Target Behavioral Response Laboratory (TBRL) to evaluate human behavioral responses to aversive stimuli primarily created by advanced energy systems. To enable this a collaboration was formed with the Department of Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School (NJMS) at UMDNJ in conjunction with the Neurology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System (NJHCS), East Orange (EO), New Jersey. This resulted in the creation within the NJMS of the Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute (SMBI) which includes the following institutions: UMDNJ, Rutgers, NJIT, Seton Hall, UCLA, Arizona, U. Newfoundland, West Point, U.Delaware.

The TBRL has civilian and military approvals to conduct research with human volunteers at ARDEC. The TBRL, with SMBI intellectual support, conducts basic target effects experiments with aversive sound, dazzling light, tactical fog and pressure for government customers including the Marine Corps, the Joint Non-Lethal? Weapons Directorate, PM-CCS National Institute of Justice and contractors including SARA. Target effectiveness experiments are in process on blunt impact munitions, building entry/clearing devices and acoustic hailing/warning/acknowledgment devices. TBRL/SMBI Proposals have been submitted individually for FY05 BAAs, four to the NIJ and four to the JNLWD and jointly with contractors including SARA, Mide, and American Systems Corporation.
Three of the BAA submissions to the NIJ have been selected for formal proposal submission.
Collaborations with RDECOM groups including Natick, HRED and NVL at locations including Ft. Benning and Ft. Knox are proposed pending availability of funding.
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFORMATION

Sensors- The Army Acoustic Center of Excellence has the theoretical knowledge to execute cutting edge research and development of innovative sensor algorithms using digital signal processing methods that provide solutions to critical obstacles associated with sensing for homeland defense. More specifically, the Acoustic and Networked Sensors Division develops and integrates advanced acoustic, seismic, magnetic, passive infrared (PIR) and electro-optical sensor technology that enhance the army's ability to detect and detail enemy presence using the latest in sensor technology.
The capability to develop and integrate smart, intelligent sensing networks and devices complemented by a hands-on experience to conduct field test and evaluation activities in support of potentially complex and highly integrated sensor applications. Proven ability to develop algorithms for the detection, identification and classification of vehicles and personnel, digital and array signal processing and sensor fusion. An in-house capability to provide software solutions for embedded software design and integration. Decision aids of sensor emplacement, environmental characterization and compensation. Simulation and modelling of sensors and multimodal sensor networks. Component and device development, evaluation and characterization. Artificial intelligence including neural networks, genetic algorithms and fuzzy logic. Rapid deployment, long range communications, and long-life standalone systems. Mature products include: Gunfire detection & localization systems (Artillery, Small Arms, etc), Counter Sniper systems; Sensor integration and network architecture developments; Sensors test & evaluation and data collection; Advanced Unattended sensor algorithms; Unattended Ground Sensor (UGS) modeling and simulation.

a.)Biometrics- Biometrics is a challenging industry with great market potential. Biometric systems are designed to make nearly instantaneous and accurate verifications of claimed identity or to identify individuals based on his/her physical or behavioral characteristics, such as fingerprints, hand geometry, or iris recognition. Consequences of decision making regarding tracking and authentication of an individual during Incidents of National Significance can have a major impact on the National Incident Management System (NIMS). As the terrorist threat has evolved application of biometric based authentication systems have become a critical asset in the national security arsenal to protect, respond and recover from man made disasters.
In a war without borders, uniforms or defined lines of battle, knowing who is an enemy is essential. Army weapon systems are so powerful and often so dominant that unauthorized use of even a single system can have significant adverse consequences. The US Army has a growing need to improve access controls for its many weapon systems. These controls systems increasingly consist of physical, logical (computer) and informational components. If an enemy were to capture an Army weapon system with inadequate access control measures in place, the enemy can use the captured resource to its advantage. Biometrics is a viable and potential solution for dealing with the Army’s access control concerns.

Applications of biometrics to military installations, buildings, communication systems, laboratories and the like are intended to restrict access to authorized personnel only through methods that exceed the control currently afforded by available simple identification (ID) systems alone, such as ID cards, Common Access Cards (CACs). As with Army weapon systems, the intent of applying biometric controls to facility access is to determine, with close to absolute certainty, that the individual attempting the access is confirmed as an authorized individual. This method of verification extends beyond simple identification by means of possessions such as ID cards that are capable of being forged or lost. Applied in combination, both simple ID and biometric verification schemes may be integrated or sequenced to provide multiple levels of security schemes.

A critical preliminary step in the application of biometric systems to controlled access points, communications, computer systems, and countermeasure platforms is the establishment of the ARDEC Biometrics Research, Test and Evaluation Laboratory (ABRTEL). The goal of ABRTEL is to become a Center of Excellence for Biometrics that will coordinate with other DOD and DHS Biometric Laboratories, provide research and study of various biometric technologies applicable to security of weapons/communication systems and facilities. Research performed at ABRTEL will also help to implement the National Response Plan (NRP) initiative “to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from terrorists attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies.” ABRTEL will also research integration of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Biometrics for Combatant ID.

b.)Defeat of Lethal Systems A critical component to any perimeter defense and homeland defense strategy is to provide the capability to positively react to lethal threats. This reaction should range from prevention, to detection and if necessary, to minimizing damage. The overarching goal of this approach is to prevent negative impact from the lethal threats. It is not enough to just detect an explosive device, but we must provide the capability to render that device safe.
To highlight the existence of these lethal threats one only needs to read a newspaper. Our troops are faced with the constant exposure to improvised explosive devices (IED) and rocket propelled grenades (RPG). There are slew of reports suggesting additional threats from dirty bombs and bio-chemical devices. It is clear that any strategy to defeat these lethal systems must be robust to adjust to an ever changing source of threats. ARDEC must establish an overarching neutralization effort for these lethal threats. It must leverage its Core Competencies to defeat lethal systems by identify existing products with different application, modify existing products and develop new products when necessary. We need to team and partner within the DoD, National Labs and industry and academia to push solutions to the field. ARDEC can provide the unique capability to field technology to the user to defeat these threats. Our experience with lethal systems and our unique capabilities to prototype and field systems are required to effectively address the present and growing threat, both domestic and international.

A flexible, inherently evolutionary Enterprise Architecture, based on the Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework and exploiting commercial standards and practices. This permits “loose’ integration of individual capabilities, employing potentially diverse systems and technologies, while preserving essential information sharing and collaboration among diverse communities and across a full operational spectrum. The architecture mirrors and complements the Global Information grid, and effectively integrates people, processes, information and technology for maximum effect.

Logistics

Any emergency response requires critical personnel, supplies and expertise delivered to specific locations in the shortest possible time. There are several technologies under various stages of development that can be applied to this type of scenario. The Logistics Research & Engineering Directorate’s (LRED) four divisions are uniquely positioned to work together to provide a complete logistics solution. These collective efforts provide a collaborative environment and common strategic vision to develop logistics solutions that will augment other ARDEC technologies.

The Future Concepts Division develops and demonstrates new technologies and enablers to improve the distribution and sustainment supply chain system. Key areas are explosives safety, distribution technologies, logistics command and control and sustainment modeling, simulation and analysis. The Life Cycle Supportability Division provides logistics and maintenance engineering support expertise to ensure supportability is co-equal to cost, schedule, and performance. The Division conducts malfunction investigations, prepares technical manuals, and provides Integrated Logistics Support Management. The New Equipment Training Office team travels around the world training prospective users on how to use new or modified systems.

The Packaging Division’s job is to provide quality packaging systems to ensure that items are delivered safely anywhere they are needed and will work when it arrives. The Packaging Division also sits on several Army-wide and DoD-wide? packaging policy groups and works to ensure that policies and procedures facilitate the movement and storage of ammunition throughout the world. The Battlefield Tools and Equipment Division, located at Rock Island provides engineering and design support for all common Sets, Kits, Outfits, and Tools, large maintenance items, test stands for automotive testing, vehicle, aircraft, and watercraft mobile maintenance shops, Army engineer diving systems, and forward area rapidly deployed maintenance and recovery equipment. The division’s packaging and palletization team supports procurement and production and provides field support by assisting with retrograde, demilitarization, maintenance, and storage.

Utilizing the resident expertise of each division, LRED has pushed the envelope in providing technology to improve the end-to-end supply chain. Current efforts include developing intermodal containers and platforms. These solutions eliminate the need for much of the material handing equipment at the various distribution nodes while also dramatically improving the efficiency of moving supplies from one mode of transportation to another. Innovative packaging concepts that blend different classes of supply to meet a specific need. The facilities to custom design and build any set, kit or outfit that holds any and all supplies or equipment for a specific need. Lastly, information technology efforts have lead to improvements in how the Army assembles loads, tracks them through the distribution system and efficiently stores them at intermediate facilities.

These innovative logistics products and services are making a large contribution to current operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. By combining all of ARDEC’s logistics expertise in one organization, we are much better equipped to support our customers and to achieve our vision of becoming the DOD’s leader in logistics research, development, engineering, innovation, and support.

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
SYSTEMS ACQUISITION
Device Rapid Prototyping

One of the customers in ARDEC’s key customers collated at Picatinny is the PEO for Ammunition. The PEO Ammo Industrial Base strategy incorporates the concept of utilizing manufacturing science as new items are developed and also to understand the science of manufacture for legacy items, especially for single point failures/diminishing sources. The Center for Manufacturing Science and Technology Transfer is a key component to ARDEC’s capability to support PEO Ammo Industrial Base strategy by tying ARDEC’s diverse prototyping capabilities together and fostering the use of manufacturing science throughout ARDEC. The Center brings designers into the manufacturing process to enhance producibility and reduce lead times. The Center builds partnerships with industry, academia and Other Government Agencies (OGA) to supplement the in house capability at ARDEC. By having ARDEC manufacture prototype components, ARDEC owns the manufacturing process or “recipe” for the item that can then be transferred to industry for production. An additional benefit of this is that ARDEC engineers have hands on experience in manufacturing items and therefore will be able to provide a much better insight into solving problems that arise in production at contractor facilities. The Center also performs a similar function for other PEO/PMs. The Center is the leading several rapid prototype efforts for ARDEC. The Center is leading several prototyping efforts including; prototyping of several key components for Excalibur, documenting the manufacturing process and transitioning the process to the contractor, a CRADA with GD-OTS to demonstrate new technology indirect cooling of cutting tools in a production environment, rapid prototyping of shields to protect the gunner on the Stryker vehicle, rapid prototyping of reactive armor tiles for the Abrams tank and rapid prototyping of components for SOCOM. The center’s ability to design, develop and then quickly produce items make it an asset to the HD community and a great area of need has been identified in the area of medical devices for military use. The biologist and physiologists who conceptualize ideas within the Army have little ability to assess its producibility. The Center can assist in this critical need area.

CONSULTATION

AWARENESS